Total Leucocytes count (WBC)

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The Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), commonly known as the White Blood Cell (WBC) count, is a crucial diagnostic test that measures the number of white blood cells in the blood. White blood cells are essential components of the immune system, responsible for defending the body against infections and foreign invaders.

Normal Ranges

Adults

– Females & Males: 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter (cells/µL)

Children

– Newborns: 9,000 to 30,000 cells per microliter (cells/µL)

– Infants up to 2 years: 6,200 to 17,000 cells per microliter (cells/µL)

– Children aged 2-6 years: 5,000 to 15,000 cells per microliter (cells/µL)

– Children aged 6-18 years: 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter (cells/µL)

Function in the Body

White blood cells play a critical role in the immune system by:

– Fighting Infections: WBCs attack and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other harmful organisms.

– Inflammatory Response: WBCs are involved in inflammation, a process that helps isolate and heal damaged tissues.

– Allergic Reactions: Certain WBCs are involved in allergic responses.

– Immune Surveillance: WBCs continuously patrol the body to identify and destroy abnormal cells, including cancerous cells.

Diseases Revealed by the WBC Test

The WBC test can help diagnose a variety of conditions:

– Infections: Elevated WBC counts can indicate bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections.

– Inflammatory Diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease may show abnormal WBC levels.

– Immune Disorders: Diseases such as lupus or HIV/AIDS affect WBC counts.

– Bone Marrow Disorders: Leukemia and other cancers of the blood and bone marrow can cause significant changes in WBC counts.

– Medications and Therapies: Certain drugs, particularly chemotherapy, can affect WBC levels.

Symptoms of Deficiency (Leukopenia)

Leukopenia refers to a reduced WBC count, which can lead to:

– Frequent Infections: Increased susceptibility to infections.

– Fever: Persistent or recurrent fevers.

– Fatigue: Unusual tiredness and weakness.

– Mouth Sores: Frequent ulcers or sores in the mouth.

– Swollen Lymph Nodes: Enlargement of lymph nodes.

Symptoms of Overdose (Leukocytosis)

Leukocytosis refers to an elevated WBC count, which can manifest as:

– Fever: Elevated body temperature.

– Bleeding and Bruising: Unexplained bleeding or bruising.

– Weakness and Fatigue: General sense of being unwell.

– Dizziness or Lightheadedness: Feeling faint or unsteady.

– Joint and Muscle Pain: Unexplained pain in muscles and joints.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing the cause of abnormal WBC counts involves:

– Medical History and Physical Examination: Initial assessment by a healthcare provider.

– Blood Tests: Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential to measure different types of WBCs.

– Bone Marrow Biopsy: In cases of suspected bone marrow disorders.

– Imaging Studies: X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to detect underlying conditions.

– Specialized Tests: Tests for specific infections or autoimmune diseases.

– Preparation: No special preparation is usually required for a WBC test, but informing the healthcare provider about current medications is essential.

– Procedure: A small blood sample is drawn from a vein, typically in the arm.

– Risks: Minimal, including slight discomfort or bruising at the puncture site.

– Interpretation: Results are interpreted by healthcare professionals considering the patient’s overall health and symptoms.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: What can cause a temporary change in WBC count?

– Stress, exercise, medication, and infections can cause temporary changes in WBC counts.

Q2: How often should WBC counts be checked?

– Regular check-ups may be recommended for individuals with chronic conditions or those undergoing treatments that affect the immune system.

Q3: Can diet affect WBC count?

– Poor nutrition can impact WBC production and function, while a balanced diet supports a healthy immune system.

Q4: Is it possible to boost WBC count naturally?

– Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition, exercise, and avoiding infections, can help maintain healthy WBC levels.

Q5: What should I do if my WBC count is abnormal?

– Consult a healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

Q6: Are there different types of white blood cells?

– Yes, there are several types, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with distinct functions.

Understanding the Total Leucocyte Count is vital for assessing immune function and diagnosing various medical conditions. Regular monitoring and timely medical consultation can help manage health effectively.

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