Beta HCG, Serum (BHCG)

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The Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (BHCG) test is a blood test that measures the level of BHCG, a hormone produced during pregnancy. BHCG is also used as a tumor marker in certain cancers. Understanding BHCG levels is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring various conditions in both pregnant and non-pregnant individuals.

 

Normal Ranges

 

 Females

Non-pregnant females: Less than 5 mIU/mL

Pregnant Females

– 3 weeks: 5-50 mIU/mL

– 4 weeks: 5-426 mIU/mL

– 5 weeks: 18-7,340 mIU/mL

– 6 weeks: 1,080-56,500 mIU/mL

– 7-8 weeks: 7,650-229,000 mIU/mL

– 9-12 weeks: 25,700-288,000 mIU/mL

– 13-16 weeks: 13,300-254,000 mIU/mL

– 17-24 weeks: 4,060-165,400 mIU/mL

– 25-40 weeks: 3,640-117,000 mIU/mL

 Males

– Less than 5 mIU/mL

Children

– Less than 5 mIU/mL

 

Function in the Body

BHCG is produced by the placenta shortly after the embryo attaches to the uterine lining. It plays several critical roles, including:

– Supporting the corpus luteum, which in turn produces progesterone during the early stages of pregnancy.

– Promoting the maintenance of the endometrium, which is essential for embryo implantation and pregnancy progression.

– Stimulating the fetal gonads to produce sex hormones.

In non-pregnant individuals, elevated BHCG levels can indicate the presence of certain cancers, such as testicular, ovarian, and certain other tumors.

 

Symptoms of Deficiency

BHCG deficiency is rare and generally not a standalone medical condition. However, low BHCG levels during pregnancy can indicate:

– Potential miscarriage or non-viable pregnancy

– Ectopic pregnancy

– Miscalculation of pregnancy dating

 

Symptoms of Overdose

High BHCG levels outside of pregnancy can indicate:

– Trophoblastic disease (e.g., molar pregnancy, choriocarcinoma)

– Certain cancers (e.g., testicular cancer, ovarian cancer)

– Multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets)

 

Diagnosis

The BHCG test involves a simple blood draw, typically from a vein in the arm. The test can be ordered to:

– Confirm pregnancy

– Monitor pregnancy progression

– Diagnose potential pregnancy complications (e.g., ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage)

– Screen for certain cancers

– Monitor treatment effectiveness in cancers producing BHCG

 

More Information

 

Pregnancy Testing

BHCG levels double approximately every 48-72 hours in early pregnancy. Home pregnancy tests detect BHCG in urine but are less sensitive than blood tests.

Cancer Monitoring

BHCG is a tumor marker in certain cancers. Elevated levels may suggest the presence or recurrence of a tumor. Regular monitoring helps assess treatment response.

BHCG and Men

In men, elevated BHCG levels can be a sign of testicular cancer. Symptoms might include testicular lumps, pain, or discomfort.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: How soon can BHCG detect pregnancy?

A: BHCG can be detected in the blood as early as 11 days after conception and in the urine 12-14 days after conception.

Q: Can medications affect BHCG levels?

A: Certain medications, particularly those containing BHCG (e.g., fertility treatments), can affect test results.

Q: What do low BHCG levels indicate in early pregnancy?

A: Low levels can indicate potential issues such as a miscalculated pregnancy date, ectopic pregnancy, or impending miscarriage.

Q: Can men have BHCG levels tested?

A: Yes, especially if there is suspicion of testicular cancer or other BHCG-producing tumors.

Q: What can cause false-positive BHCG results?

A: Conditions such as heterophile antibodies, certain medications, and pituitary BHCG production can cause false positives.

 

Conclusion

The BHCG test is a vital tool in both pregnancy and cancer diagnostics. Understanding its normal ranges and implications for health helps in early detection and treatment of various conditions. Always consult with healthcare professionals for interpretation of BHCG levels and appropriate medical guidance.

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