Estradiol is the primary and most potent form of estrogen, a steroid hormone essential for reproductive health, bone density, cardiovascular protection, and cognitive function in both men and women.
Normal Serum Ranges
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Men: 25–50 pg/mL
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Women (by cycle phase):
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Mid-follicular: 99–448 pg/mL
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Mid-cycle (peri-ovulatory surge): 340–1,590 pg/mL
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Luteal: 180–1,068 pg/mL
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Postmenopausal women: 19–73 pg/mL
Note: Reference intervals may vary slightly by laboratory and assay.
Clinical Applications
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Reproductive disorders:
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
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Primary ovarian insufficiency (premature menopause)
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Infertility evaluation
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Men’s health:
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Gynecomastia
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Hypogonadism
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Menopause management:
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Hormone imbalance
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Vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes)
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Bone & cardiovascular health: risk stratification for osteoporosis and atherosclerosis
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Oncology: monitoring estrogen-sensitive breast and ovarian cancers
Signs & Symptoms
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Low Estradiol (Deficiency): fatigue, depression, vaginal dryness, hot flashes, osteoporosis, reduced libido
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High Estradiol (Excess): bloating, weight gain, mood swings, migraines, breast tenderness, increased thrombotic risk
Testing & Diagnosis
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Sample: fasting blood draw, ideally in early morning
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Timing for women: drawn according to cycle phase (e.g., day 3 for baseline; mid-cycle for ovulation)
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Complementary assays: FSH, LH, progesterone, testosterone for full endocrine profile
Frequently Asked Questions
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What is the main function of estradiol?
Regulates the menstrual cycle, maintains bone mass, supports cardiovascular health, and influences mood and cognition. -
What causes low estradiol levels?
Aging (menopause), ovarian failure, pituitary insufficiency, excessive exercise, or eating disorders. -
How is high estradiol treated?
Management may include lifestyle modifications, medications to block estrogen synthesis (e.g., aromatase inhibitors), or adjusting hormone therapy. -
Can men have high estradiol?
Yes—excess estradiol in men can lead to gynecomastia, infertility, and mood disturbances. -
When should I test my estradiol?
If you experience menstrual irregularities, fertility challenges, menopausal symptoms, or signs of hormonal imbalance.
