Alpha Feto Protein, AFP

Price: 15 د.ا

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a glycoprotein primarily produced by the fetal liver, yolk sac, and gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy. Its presence and levels in the blood can serve as a significant biomarker for various medical conditions. The AFP test measures the amount of AFP in the blood and is utilized in the diagnosis and monitoring of certain diseases, particularly in the liver.

Normal Range

The normal range of AFP can vary based on age and sex:

– Female (non-pregnant): Less than 10 ng/mL

– Male: Less than 10 ng/mL

– Children:

– Newborns: High levels that decrease rapidly after birth

– Older children: Less than 10 ng/mL

Function in the Body

During fetal development, AFP plays a crucial role in:

1. Transport of Molecules: It binds to and transports various substances like bilirubin, fatty acids, and heavy metals.
2. Immune Regulation: AFP is believed to modulate the immune system, helping to protect the fetus from maternal immune responses.

In adults, AFP levels are typically low, but can rise in certain pathological conditions.

Diseases Revealed by the AFP Test

Liver Diseases:

– Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Elevated AFP levels are a marker for liver cancer.

– Chronic Hepatitis: Conditions like hepatitis B and C can cause moderate increases in AFP.

   – Cirrhosis: AFP levels can be elevated in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Germ Cell Tumors:

Testicular and ovarian cancers can lead to increased AFP levels.

Pregnancy:

– Neural Tube Defects: High AFP levels in maternal serum can indicate fetal anomalies like spina bifida.

   – Down Syndrome: Low AFP levels can suggest chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome.

Symptoms of Brucellosis

Brucellosis is a bacterial infection that is not directly related to AFP levels but understanding its symptoms is useful for differential diagnosis:

– Fever

– Sweats

– Malaise

– Anorexia

– Arthralgia (joint pain)

– Fatigue

Symptoms of AFP Deficiency and Overdose

Deficiency:

– There is no recognized syndrome directly associated with AFP deficiency, as it is not a necessary protein in adults.

Overdose:

– Elevated AFP itself does not cause symptoms but indicates underlying pathology (e.g., liver cancer, germ cell tumors).

Diagnosis

The AFP test is performed via a blood sample, with steps including:

1. Sample Collection: Blood is drawn from a vein, typically from the arm.
2. Laboratory Analysis: The sample is analyzed using immunoassay techniques to quantify AFP levels.

Additional diagnostic steps may include:

– Imaging Studies: Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to identify liver tumors or other abnormalities.

– Biopsy: In cases of suspected cancer, tissue biopsy may be required for confirmation.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What does a high AFP level mean?

Elevated AFP can indicate liver disease, certain cancers, or fetal anomalies in pregnancy.

2. Can non-cancerous conditions cause elevated AFP?

Yes, liver cirrhosis and hepatitis can lead to increased AFP levels.

3. Is the AFP test used in prenatal screening?

Yes, it helps in screening for neural tube defects and chromosomal abnormalities.

4. How often should AFP levels be checked in patients with liver cirrhosis?

Regular monitoring every 6-12 months is recommended for early detection of liver cancer.

5. Can AFP levels be used to monitor treatment response?

Yes, decreasing AFP levels can indicate a positive response to cancer treatment.

Medical Laboratory Professionals’ primary duty is the patients, placing their welfare above their own needs and desires thus ensuring that each patient receives the best service and the highest quality of care according to current standards of practice. High quality laboratory services are safe, effective, efficient, timely, equitable, and patient-centered. Medical Laboratory Professionals work with all patients and samples without regard to disease state, ethnicity, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Medical Laboratory Professionals prevent and avoid conflicts of interest that undermine the best interests of patients. Learn More